|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 3457 | | | Printed | 88 | | | Emailed | 2 | | | PDF Downloaded | 259 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 9 | | |
|
Click on image for details.
|
|
|
|
| Year : 2016
| Volume
: 19 | Issue : 3 | Page
: 516-520 |
|
| Simulation in coagulation testing using rotational thromboelastometry: A fast emerging, reliable point of care technique |
|
|
Klaus Gorlinger1, Vandana Bhardwaj2, Poonam Malhotra Kapoor2
1 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
2 Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Cardio Thoracic Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Click here for correspondence address and
email
| Date of Submission | 10-Jun-2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 21-Jun-2016 |
| Date of Web Publication | 6-Jul-2016 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Computer simulations can come in handy to train medical personnel with necessary skills to face the clinical scenarios involving various coagulopathies. Now a days, point of care (POC) devices such as thromboelastography, Sonoclot analyzer and newly approved rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) with faster results to assess coagulopathies are available on bedside of patients. ROTEM is emerging as a quick, portable, and well-validated device to evaluate coagulopathy in critical care and perioperative setup. A novel platelet-aggregometry integrated module enables simultaneous analysis of platelets as well as coagulation tests on the same screen. The entire gamut of POC signature curves obtained with different coagulation defects can be learned with graphical simulations. These simulations can be a valuable strategy to elucidate latent conditions, for which simulation interventions can then be designed to mimic different clinical scenarios. Keywords: Coagulation; Graphical simulation; Platelet-aggregometry; Reagents; Rotational thromboelastometry; Thromboelastometer-graphs
How to cite this article:
Gorlinger K, Bhardwaj V, Kapoor PM. Simulation in coagulation testing using rotational thromboelastometry: A fast emerging, reliable point of care technique. Ann Card Anaesth 2016;19:516-20 |
How to cite this URL:
Gorlinger K, Bhardwaj V, Kapoor PM. Simulation in coagulation testing using rotational thromboelastometry: A fast emerging, reliable point of care technique. Ann Card Anaesth [serial online] 2016 [cited 2022 May 20];19:516-20. Available from: https://www.annals.in/text.asp?2016/19/3/516/185546 |
| Introduction | |  |
The use of computer simulation in medical field has increased the quality of training and safety in terms of patient care. These simulators can come in handy to train medical personnel with necessary skills to face the clinical scenarios involving various coagulopathies. Coagulopathy in critically ill and in patients undergoing major surgery is a concerned cause of morbidity and mortality. The management of these patients was earlier guided by conventional laboratory coagulations tests such as platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and serum fibrinogen levels. [1],[2] The lengthy turnaround time of these lab tests was a cause of undue delay and improper treatment. [3] Now a days, point of care (POC) devices such as thromboelastography (TEG), Sonoclot analyzer, and newly Food and Drug Administration approved rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) with faster results to assess coagulopathies are available on bedside of patients. These viscoelastic POC devices are used to measure the time until clot formation, the dynamics of clot formation, and the stability of clots over time. [4],[5]
The entire gamut of POC signature curves obtained with different coagulation defects can be learned with graphical simulations. These simulations can be a valuable strategy to elucidate latent conditions, for which simulation interventions can then be designed to mimic different clinical scenarios.
| Rotational thromboelastometer | | |
ROTEM is an advancement of TEG and differs in the way of analyzing the coagulation process: In the TEG, the cup is slowly oscillated and changes in viscoelasticity are measured by a pin attached to a suspended torsion wire; whereas, in ROTEM, the cup remains fixed while the pin is oscillated. Moreover, the improved design of ROTEM allows it to be used as a portable device at bedside of the patient. The TEG device has the limitation of inability to distinguish hypofibrinogenemia from thrombocytopenia. However, ROTEM is more suitable as fibrin-specific clot formation (FIBTEM) can be analyzed by inhibiting platelet-fibrinogen interaction using cytochalasin D.
The ROTEM device has four independent analyzer channels which enable the simultaneous independent tests of all parameters [Figure 1]. The various tests of ROTEM are available by use of different activated reagents [6] [Table 1]. These different tests are used simultaneously to derive various ROTEM variables through thromboelastometer graph [Figure 2]. The graphical plot of the clot amplitude versus time displayed on the ROTEM screen is called a "TEMogram" [Figure 3]. The onset of clot is represented by clot time while the rate of fibrin polymerization is represented by clot formation time (CFT) and alpha angle. The maximum clot strength can be judged by maximum clot firmness; whereas, premature lysis or hyperfibrinolysis can be diagnosed by lysis index [Table 2]. In a multicenter study, [7] ROTEM thromboelastometry was shown to yield consistent reference values of these variables among various centers [Table 3]. | Figure 1: ROTEM device with integrated platelet-aggregometry module. ROTEM device containing 4 independendent channels in lower pannel for carrying out simultaneous different ROTEM tests (INTEM/EXTEM/FIBTEM/HEPTEM) and 2 channels in upper pannel for impedence aggregometry tests. ROTEM platelet assays (ARATEM/ADPTEM/TRAPTEM) are used to study effect on various platelet inhibior drugs. ROTEM: Rotational thromboelastometry
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Different ROTEM graphs with various reagents. Various ROTEM tests like (a) EXTEM (activator, tissue factor with polybrene); APTEM (EXTEM plus activator, aprotinin, or tranexamic acid) (b) FIBTEM (EXTEM plus activator, cytochalasin D) (c) INTEM (activator, ellagic-acid) (d) HEPTEM (INTEM plus activator heparinase) and ECATEM (activator, ecarin) are possible simultaneously with the use of different reagents. ROTEM: Rotational thromboelastometry
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Variables of ROTEM in TEMogram. The graphical representation (TEMogram) of clot amplitude (mm) against time (min) showing various ROTEM variables. ROTEM: Rotational thromboelastometry. TEMogram: Thromboelastometer-graphs
Click here to view |
 | Table 1: Various rotational thromboelastometry tests with different reagents
Click here to view |
 | Table 2: Rotational thromboelastometry variables derived from thromboelstometer graph
Click here to view |
 | Table 3: The reference values of thromboelastometer variables with differents rotational thromboelastometry tests in a multicentre study[7]
Click here to view |
| Rotational thromboelastometry and haemostatic management | | |
The rotational thromboelastometer has been used for successfully for POC management in various clinical settings. [8],[9] Weber et al. revealed that the hemostatic management based on POC devices (ROTEM) can reduce the patient exposure to blood products and provides significant benefits with respect to clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. [10] Similarly, Fayed et al. observed that ROTEM can predict preoperative transfusion requirements in adult living donor transplant recipients, which may allow better preparation and less cross-matching before surgery. [11]
| Rotational thromboelastometry and conventional laboratory tests | | |
The ability of ROTEM to predict thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia has been tested. Olde Engberink et al. evaluated the ROTEM device to predict thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia in cardiac surgery patients using the clot amplitude after 5 min. The authors observed that the turnaround time for ROTEM tests (12 min), was comparable with emergency requests for platelet count, (13 min) and shorter than emergency requests for fibrinogen levels (37 min). [12] The ROTEM parameters have been compared and correlated with conventional laboratory coagulation tests. Ogawa et al. conducted a prospective observational study to compare different ROTEM parameters with standard coagulation tests in elective cardiac surgery patients. The author observed strong correlations between FIBTEM-amplitude at 10 min (A10) and fibrinogen level (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) and between EXTEM/INTEM-A10 variables and platelet count (r = 0.72 and 0.67, respectively; P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that EXTEM-A10 and INTEM- A10 are predictive of thrombocytopenia below 80 × 10 9 /L (area under the curve [AUC], 0.83 and 0.82, respectively), and FIBTEM-A10 was highly predictive of fibrinogen level below 200 mg/dl (AUC, 0.96). [13]
| Rotational thromboelastometry and postoperative bleeding predictability | | |
The diagnostic ability of ROTEM to predict postoperative bleeding is a matter of controversy. Reinhöfer et al. studied the value of ROTEM to monitor disturbed hemostasis and bleeding risk in patients with cardiopulmonary bypass. The author observed that the positive predictive value and specificity of ROTEM variables such as CFT (71%, 94%) and FIBTEM (73%, 95%) to predict postoperative bleeding was significantly higher than conventional laboratory tests such as aPTT (56%, 72%) and prothrombin time (43%, 5%). [14]
Contrary to this, Davidson et al. observed that ROTEM thromboelastometry has poor positive predictive value (14.8%) to identify patients who bleed more than 200 mL/h in the early postoperative period after cardiac surgery. However, its negative predictive value was found to be good (100%). The authors realized that their study was not adequately powered to confirm its poor positive predictive value as the prevalence of bleeding in the early postoperative period was small (13.7%). [15]
| Rotational thromboelastometry versus other point of care devices | | |
The results of ROTEM analysis have significant less inter- and intra-operator variability as compared to TEG results. Hence, ROTEM is more suitable for use at multiple places as compared to TEG. [16] Recently, a study has compared ROTEM, TEG and Sonoclot analyzer in small number of patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery. The authors observed significant correlations between plasma fibrinogen levels, platelet counts, and variables from the three instruments. They concluded that TEG and ROTEM could be used to detect changes in hemostasis following cardiac surgery. However, Sonoclot seems to be less suitable to detect such changes. [17]
| Rotational thromboelastometry platelet assays | | |
The effect of various antiplatelet medications can be studied in ROTEM by integrating a novel aggregometry module in ROTEM system. [18] The various platelet assays can be performed with the use of different activators based on impedance aggregometry [Table 4]. This enables simultaneous analysis of platelet-aggregometry as well as coagulation tests on the same screen [Figure 1]. [19]
| Conclusion | | |
ROTEM is emerging as a quick, portable, and well-validated device to assess coagulopathy in critical care and perioperative setup. The routine use of this bedside device can help in timely, hemostatic management of patients prone to bleeding. The designing of computer simulation, mimicking various coagulopathies can prepare the health-care providers to manage hemostasis in the clinical set-up. This POC management can guide the proper usage of coagulation products and reduce the unnecessary blood transfusion and morbidity associated with bleeding and transfusion.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Levi M, Opal SM. Coagulation abnormalities in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2006;10:222.  |
| 2. | Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, Rizvi SI, Culliford L, Angelini GD. Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation 2007;116:2544-52. |
| 3. | Avidan MS, Alcock EL, Da Fonseca J, Ponte J, Desai JB, Despotis GJ, et al. Comparison of structured use of routine laboratory tests or near-patient assessment with clinical judgement in the management of bleeding after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:178-86. |
| 4. | Meybohm P, Zacharowski K, Weber CF. Point-of-care coagulation management in intensive care medicine. Crit Care 2013;17:218. |
| 5. | Mishra PK, Thekkudan J, Sahajanandan R, Gravenor M, Lakshmanan S, Fayaz KM, et al. The role of point-of-care assessment of platelet function in predicting postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirement after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Card Anaesth 2015;18:45-51. [ PUBMED]  |
| 6. | Ganter MT, Hofer CK. Coagulation monitoring: Current techniques and clinical use of viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation devices. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1366-75. |
| 7. | Lang T, Bauters A, Braun SL, Pötzsch B, von Pape KW, Kolde HJ, et al. Multi-centre investigation on reference ranges for ROTEM thromboelastometry. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005;16:301-10. |
| 8. | Haas T, Görlinger K, Grassetto A, Agostini V, Simioni P, Nardi G, et al. Thromboelastometry for guiding bleeding management of the critically ill patient: A systematic review of the literature. Minerva Anestesiol 2014;80:1320-35. |
| 9. | Görlinger K, Shore-Lesserson L, Dirkmann D, Hanke AA, Rahe-Meyer N, Tanaka KA. Management of hemorrhage in cardiothoracic surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013;27 4 Suppl:S20-34. |
| 10. | Weber CF, Görlinger K, Meininger D, Herrmann E, Bingold T, Moritz A, et al. Point-of-care testing: A prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy in coagulopathic cardiac surgery patients. Anesthesiology 2012;117:531-47. |
| 11. | Fayed N, Mourad W, Yassen K, Görlinger K. Preoperative thromboelastometry as a predictor of transfusion requirements during adult living donor liver transplantation. Transfus Med Hemother 2015;42:99-108. |
| 12. | Olde Engberink RH, Kuiper GJ, Wetzels RJ, Nelemans PJ, Lance MD, Beckers EA, et al. Rapid and correct prediction of thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia with rotational thromboelastometry in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014;28:210-6. |
| 13. | Ogawa S, Szlam F, Chen EP, Nishimura T, Kim H, Roback JD, et al. A comparative evaluation of rotation thromboelastometry and standard coagulation tests in hemodilution-induced coagulation changes after cardiac surgery. Transfusion 2012;52:14-22. |
| 14. | Reinhöfer M, Brauer M, Franke U, Barz D, Marx G, Lösche W. The value of rotation thromboelastometry to monitor disturbed perioperative haemostasis and bleeding risk in patients with cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008;19:212-9. |
| 15. | Davidson SJ, McGrowder D, Roughton M, Kelleher AA. Can ROTEM thromboelastometry predict postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008;22:655-61. |
| 16. | Anderson L, Quasim I, Steven M, Moise SF, Shelley B, Schraag S, et al. Interoperator and intraoperator variability of whole blood coagulation assays: A comparison of thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014;28:1550-7. |
| 17. | Espinosa A, Stenseth R, Videm V, Pleym H. Comparison of three point-of-care testing devices to detect hemostatic changes in adult elective cardiac surgery: A prospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol 2014;14:80. |
| 18. | Gorlinger K, Dirkmann D, Hanke AA. Rotational thromboelastometry. In: Gonzalez E, Moore HB, Moore EE, editors. Trauma Induced Coagulopathy. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 267-300. |
| 19. | Sartorius D, Waeber JL, Pavlovic G, Frei A, Diaper A, Myers P, et al. Goal-directed hemostatic therapy using the rotational thromboelastometry in patients requiring emergent cardiovascular surgery. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2014;17:100-8. |
Correspondence Address:
Poonam Malhotra Kapoor
CTC, AIIMS, New Delhi
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0971-9784.185546
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Viscoelastic Hemostatic Assays: A Primer on Legacy and New Generation Devices |
|
| Oksana Volod, Connor M. Bunch, Nuha Zackariya, Ernest E. Moore, Hunter B. Moore, Hau C. Kwaan, Matthew D. Neal, Mahmoud D. Al-Fadhl, Shivani S. Patel, Grant Wiarda, Hamid D. Al-Fadhl, Max L. McCoy, Anthony V. Thomas, Scott G. Thomas, Laura Gillespie, Rashid Z. Khan, Mahmud Zamlut, Peter Kamphues, Dietmar Fries, Mark M. Walsh | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(3): 860 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Use of Thromboelastography and Rotational Thromboelastometry in Otolaryngology: A Narrative Review |
|
| Mathew K. Marsee, Faisal S. Shariff, Grant Wiarda, Patrick J. Watson, Ali H. Sualeh, Toby J. Brenner, Max L. McCoy, Hamid D. Al-Fadhl, Alexander J. Jones, Patrick K. Davis, David Zimmer, Craig Folsom | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(4): 1119 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Viscoelastic Hemostatic Assays and Platelet Function Testing in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases |
|
| Matej Samo, Ingrid kornová, Tomá Bolek, Lucia Stanciaková, Barbora Korpallová, Peter Galajda, Ján Stako, Peter Kubisz, Marián Mokán | | Diagnostics. 2021; 11(1): 143 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Utility of viscoelastic coagulation testing in liver surgery: a systematic review |
|
| Eustratia Mpaili, Diamantis I. Tsilimigras, Dimitrios Moris, Fragiska Sigala, Steven M. Frank, Jan Hartmann, Timothy M. Pawlik | | HPB. 2021; 23(3): 331 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Principles, Interpretation, and Evidence-Based Role of Viscoelastic Point-of-Care Coagulation Assays in Cirrhosis and Liver Failure |
|
| Madhumita Premkumar, Anand V. Kulkarni, Kamal Kajal, Smita Divyaveer | | Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Viscoelastic testing reveals normalization of the coagulation profile 12 weeks after severe COVID-19 |
|
| Abakar Magomedov, Daniel Zickler, Stoyan Karaivanov, Annika Kurreck, Frédéric H. Münch, Julian Kamhieh-Milz, Caroline Ferse, Andreas Kahl, Sophie K. Piper, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Thomas Dörner, Jan Matthias Kruse | | Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Evidence for a thromboembolic pathogenesis of lung cavitations in severely ill COVID-19 patients |
|
| Jan Matthias Kruse, Daniel Zickler, Willie M. Lüdemann, Sophie K. Piper, Inka Gotthardt, Jana Ihlow, Selina Greuel, David Horst, Andreas Kahl, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Sefer Elezkurtaj | | Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Thromboembolic complications in critically ill COVID-19 patients are associated with impaired fibrinolysis |
|
| Jan Matthias Kruse, Abakar Magomedov, Annika Kurreck, Frédéric H. Münch, Roland Koerner, Julian Kamhieh-Milz, Andreas Kahl, Inka Gotthardt, Sophie K. Piper, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Thomas Dörner, Daniel Zickler | | Critical Care. 2020; 24(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Determination of reference intervals for single vial rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) parameters and correlation with plasmatic coagulation times in 49 clinically healthy dogs |
|
| Rahel Jud Schefer, Lara Heimgartner, Martina Stirn, Nadja E. Sigrist | | Research in Veterinary Science. 2020; 129: 129 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
